Pharmacologic treatment algorithms by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade. Highlighted boxes and arrows indicate preferred treatment pathways. In patients with a major discrepancy between the perceived level of symptoms and severity of airflow limitation, further evaluation is warranted. LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA: long-acting β2-agonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s.

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