Bleeding risk calculators - HAS-BLED (atrial fibrillation) and IMPROVE (VTE prophylaxis for inpatients)
Important notes:
 • No bleeding risk tools have been validated for VTE treatment, only for prophylaxis and atrial fibrillation
 • Observational studies suggest net clinical benefit of anticoagulation even with very high bleeding risk
 • No RCTs exist demonstrating benefit of withholding anticoagulation based on high bleeding risk


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