Causes of Intrahepatic Gas
Non-Iatrogenic:
 • Biliary: Emphysematous cholecystitis, Ascending cholangitis, Enteric-biliary fistula, Biliary-bronchopleural fistula, Congenital incompetent sphincter of Oddi, Trauma
 • Portal Vein: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), Ischemic bowel, Inflammatory bowel disease, Perforated peptic ulcer, Diverticulitis, Pelvic abscess, Appendicitis, Pneumatosis intestinalis, Other
 • Parenchymal: Hepatic infarction/liver transplantation, Trauma, Liver abscess, Complicated parasites cyst, Emphysematous changes of the liver
Iatrogenic: 
 • Biliary: Recent biliary instrumentation, Sphincterotomy, Cholecysto-enterostomy, Cholecystectomy, Choledocho-duodenostomy, Liver transplantation, Whipple procedure
 • Portal Vein: Umbilical vein catheterisation (child), Colonoscopy, Barium enema, Central venous catheter manipulation, Chemotherapy and drugs
 • Parenchymal: Percutaneous tumor ablation, Biopsy, Oxidized cellulose, Hepatic Artery Embolization

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