Risk Factors Associated with Post-operative Pulmonary Complications 



Preoperative 

• Asthma/ COPD 

• Recent respiratory infection 

• Smoking (> 20 pkyr) 

• Obstructive sleep apnea 

• General poor state of health 

• > 70 year old 

• Poor nutritional status 



Intraoperative 

• Upper abdominal / thoracic surgery 

• General anesthesia 

• Duration of anesthesia > 3 hour 

• Use of pancuronium 



Postoperative 

• Immobilization 

• Poor pain control 



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