Causes of Hypercalcemia

Parathyroid gland structure-related

 • Primary hyperparathyroidism

 • Parathyroid adenoma

 • Parathyroid hyperplasia

 • Parathyroid carcinoma (may be part of multiple endocrine neoplasia)

Parathyroid gland function-related

 • Lithium use

 • Calcium-sensing receptor-gene mutations causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Vitamin D metabolic disorders

 • Excessive vitamin D intake

 • Sarcoidosis (elevated 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D)

Increased bone turnover

 • Immobilization

 • Excessive vitamin A intake

 • Hyperthyroidism

 • Paget's disease of bone

Malignancy

 • Hematological malignancies

 • Multiple myeloma (bone turnover)

 • Osteolytic metastases: thyroid, breast, lung, renal, adrenal, prostate (release of calcitriol, or PTHrP)

 • Non-small-cell lung cancer

 • Renal cell carcinoma

 • Pheochromocytoma

Chronic kidney disease

 • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

 • Aluminium intoxication

Dietary

 • Milk-alkali syndrome



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