Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume depletion
 - Diagnosis: History, urinalysis, labs
 - Management: Fluid resuscitation to correct, underlying volume deficiency, Diuretics if heart failure
INTRINSIC:
 - Glomerular (red blood cells/proteinuria on UA)
 - Interstitial (eosinophils/white blood cell casts on UA)
 - Tubular (renal tubular cell casts or pigmented casts on UA)
 - Vascular
 - Diaqnosis: Renal ultrasonography, urinalysis, renal biopsy
 - Management: Avoiding nephrotoxic drugs, treating underlying cause
POSTRENAL:
 - Obstruction to urinary outflow
 - Extrarenal: prostate hypertrophy, urinary tract malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis
 - Intrarenal: stones, crystals, tumors
 - Diagnosis: Renal ultrasonography
 - Manaqement: Relief of obstruction (catheterization, percutaneous drainage, or stenting as appropriate)

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