Bleeding Risk for Various Invasive/Surgical Procedures

Low Risk:

 • Dental extractions (1 or 2 teeth), endodontic (root canal) procedure,

 • Subgingival scaling or other cleaning

 • Cataract surgery

 • Dermatologic procedures (e.g. biopsy)

 • Gastroscopy or colonoscopy without biopsies

 • Coronary angiography

 • Permanent pacemaker insertion or internal defibrillator placement (if bridging anticoagulation is not used)

 • Selected procedures (e.g. thoracentesis, paracentesis, arthrocentesis)

Moderate Risk:

 • Other intra-abdominal surgery (e.g. laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hernia repair, colon resection)

 • Other general surgery (e.g. breast)

 • Other intrathoracic surgery

 • Other orthopedic surgery

 • Other vascular surgery

 • Non-cataract ophthalmologic surgery

 • Gastroscopy or colonoscopy with biopsies

 • Selected procedures (e.g. bone marrow biopsy, lymph node biopsy)

 • Complex dental procedure (e.g. multiple tooth extractions)

High Risk:

 • Any surgery or procedure with neuraxial (spinal or epidural) anesthesia

 • Neurosurgery (intracranial or spinal)

 • Cardiac surgery (e.g. CABG, heart valve replacement)

 • Major intra-abdominal surgery (e.g. intestinal anastomosis)

 • Major vascular surgery (e.g. aortic aneurysm repair, aortofemoral bypass)

 • Major orthopedic surgery (e.g. hip or knee replacement)

 • Lung resection surgery

 • Urological surgery (e.g. prostatectomy, bladder tumour resection)

 • Extensive cancer surgery (e.g. pancreas, liver)

 • Reconstructive plastic surgery

 • Selected procedures (e.g. kidney biopsy, prostate biopsy, cervical cone biopsy, pericardiocentesis, colonic polypectomy)



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